Aging cohortsEarly evidenceOngoing — no result yet
Loyal (Cellular Longevity, Inc.) · FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, 2025
The FDA's veterinary center accepted that there is a reasonable expectation of effectiveness for a daily drug intended to extend the lifespan of senior dogs — a milestone on the conditional-approval path, not a full approval.
- Species
- Dogs
- Design
- Regulatory milestone
- Sample
- STAY study — approximately 1,000 senior dogs
Rapamycin & mTOREmerging evidenceOngoing — no result yet
Dog Aging Project (Kaeberlein M., Promislow D.E.L. et al.) · Dog Aging Project, 2024
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial testing whether low-dose rapamycin extends lifespan and healthspan in older companion dogs. Results are not yet published — we will not characterize an outcome that does not exist.
- Species
- Dogs
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Several hundred older, large-breed companion dogs
Rapamycin & mTOREarly evidence
Fries R.C. et al. · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2023
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of once-weekly delayed-release rapamycin in cats. The drug was well tolerated at the doses studied; the trial was designed around safety and tolerability rather than a lifespan endpoint.
- Species
- Cats
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Client-owned cats with subclinical HCM
Immune functionEmerging evidence
Foods (peer-reviewed RCT) · Foods, 2023
Reishi β-glucan produced statistically significant shifts in CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ lymphocyte subsets and in natural-killer cells relative to placebo.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Healthy adults, placebo-controlled
Aging cohortsEmerging evidence
Creevy K.E., Akey J.M., Kaeberlein M., Promislow D.E.L. et al. · Nature, 2022
Establishes a large, open, longitudinal cohort of pet dogs — with owner surveys, veterinary records, and biospecimens — designed to identify the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle determinants of healthy canine aging.
- Species
- Dogs
- Design
- Cohort study
- Sample
- Tens of thousands of companion dogs across the United States
Mitochondrial healthStrong human evidence
Singh A., D'Amico D., Andreux P.A. et al. · Cell Reports Medicine, 2022
Roughly a 12% improvement in muscle strength versus placebo, with better aerobic endurance and lower C-reactive protein. The trial's single primary endpoint — peak power — did not reach significance, and we report that too.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Middle-aged adults, four months
Mitochondrial healthAnimal-model evidence
Asadi Shahmirzadi A., Edgar D., Liao C.-Y. et al. · Cell Metabolism, 2020
Late-life dietary calcium alpha-ketoglutarate extended lifespan and — more strikingly — compressed morbidity, reducing frailty and systemic inflammatory cytokines in the final stretch of life.
- Species
- Mice
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
- Sample
- Mice dosed from middle age
Mitochondrial healthStrong human evidence
Andreux P.A., Blanco-Bose W., Ryu D. et al. · Nature Metabolism, 2019
Oral urolithin A was safe across single and four-week repeated doses, was bioavailable in plasma, and shifted skeletal-muscle mitochondrial gene expression toward a healthier signature.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Sedentary older adults, 250–1000 mg
Cellular renewalEmerging evidence
Wirth M., Schwarz C., Flöel A. et al. · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy / Cortex, 2019
A small three-month trial reported improved memory performance; the larger, longer, more rigorous SmartAge trial did not confirm a cognitive benefit over placebo.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Older adults with subjective cognitive decline
Immune functionStrong human evidence
Mannick J.B., Morris M., Hockey H.-U.P. et al. · Science Translational Medicine, 2018
Low-dose TORC1 inhibition over 16 weeks reduced the rate of laboratory-confirmed respiratory tract infections in older adults and upregulated antiviral gene expression.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Over 600 older adults
SenolyticsEarly evidence
Yousefzadeh M.J., Zhu Y., McGowan S.J. et al. · EBioMedicine, 2018
Of ten flavonoids screened, fisetin was the most potent senolytic. Intermittent late-life dosing cleared senescent cells across tissues and extended both median and maximum lifespan.
- Species
- Mice
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
- Sample
- Aged mice, intermittent late-life dosing
Rapamycin & mTOREmerging evidence
Urfer S.R., Kaeberlein T.L., Mailheau S. et al. · GeroScience, 2017
Ten weeks of low-dose rapamycin in healthy middle-aged dogs was well tolerated, with no significant increase in adverse events over placebo. Echocardiography showed improvements in age-associated measures of heart function.
- Species
- Dogs
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- 24 middle-aged companion dogs
Rapamycin & mTORAnimal-model evidence
Bitto A., Ito T.K., Pineda V.V. et al. · eLife, 2016
A single three-month course of rapamycin in middle age produced a durable lifespan increase — substantially so in females — along with improved healthspan measures, without continuous lifelong dosing.
- Species
- Mice
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
- Sample
- Middle-aged (20-month) mice
Aging cohortsEmerging evidence
Kaeberlein M., Creevy K.E., Promislow D.E.L. · Mammalian Genome, 2016
Lays out the case for the companion dog as a translational model of aging, and for testing geroprotective interventions — rapamycin foremost among them — in animals that actually live alongside us.
- Species
- Dogs
- Design
- Review
Rapamycin & mTORAnimal-model evidence
Ross C., Salmon A., Strong R. et al. · Aging, 2015
Chronic oral rapamycin in a non-human primate was tolerated without the severe metabolic disruption — notably insulin resistance — that had been feared based on high-dose rodent and transplant data.
- Species
- Primates
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
- Sample
- Common marmosets, chronic daily dosing
Rapamycin & mTORStrong human evidence
Mannick J.B., Del Giudice G., Lattanzi M. et al. · Science Translational Medicine, 2014
Six weeks of a low-dose mTOR inhibitor before influenza vaccination improved the antibody response in older adults and reduced the accumulation of exhausted immune cells.
- Species
- Humans
- Design
- Randomized controlled trial
- Sample
- Adults aged 65 and older
Immune functionStrong human evidence
Lu H., Yang Y., Gad E. et al. · PNAS, 2011
PSK, the protein-bound polysaccharide from turkey tail mushroom, acts as a selective TLR2 agonist — engaging a pattern-recognition receptor that activates dendritic cells and, downstream, CD8⁺ T cells and natural-killer cells.
- Species
- Mice, Humans
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
Rapamycin & mTORAnimal-model evidence
Harrison D.E., Strong R., Sharp Z.D. et al. · Nature, 2009
Rapamycin started at 600 days of age — the equivalent of a 60-year-old human — extended median and maximal lifespan, by roughly 9% in males and 14% in females.
- Species
- Mice
- Design
- Preclinical / animal model
- Sample
- Three independent sites, NIA Interventions Testing Program